Dear Enrico It is very good to hear from you, thanks for sending nice photographs. Is this on Quercus robur? I have seen very similar symptoms in the UK on Q. robur although weeps from the lower region of stem branches. Although these type of symptoms are not typical of AOD (Acute Oak Decline), the cankers and weeps tested positive for the AOD bacteria and so we assign the cause of the cankers to bacteria. Do you know if there is any insect association with the cankers in Ohio? We could send you swabs, you could swab affected trees and post them back to us for RT-PCR assessment for AOD bacteria, if that is of help to you. Additionally, there is an apparent emergence of Drippy blight in Colorado (Lonsdalea quercina). I think it would be useful to test for that in the case you mention in Ohio, it could be important. Rachel Sitz and Ian Pearse are contacts for this expertise (Rachael.Sitz@colostate.edu<mailto:Rachael.Sitz@colostate.edu>; ianspearse@gmail.com<mailto:ianspearse@gmail.com>). I hope this is helpful, Best wishes, Sandra Dr Sandra Denman Principal – Oak Declines: Senior Pathologist Centre for Ecosystems Society and Biosecurity Forest Research Alice Holt Lodge Gravel Hill Road Farnham GU10 4LH Tel: 0300 067 5640 Email:sandra.denman@forestry.gsi.gov.uk https://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/INFD-84RB3W From: rg70300-forent [mailto:rg70300-forent-bounces@lists.iufro.org] On Behalf Of Bonello, Enrico Sent: 17 November 2018 18:49 To: rg70200-forpath(a)lists.iufro.org; IUFRO RG 7.03.00 Subject: [IUFRO RG 7.03 FORENT] Fwd: Oozing Black Spots on Limbs of White Oak Importance: High Hello forpathers and forenters, Below are a couple of pictures sent to me by a local arborist, wondering what’s going on on the main limbs of a white oak. I am contacting you because I find that this kind of very localized bark discoloration/staining is quite common in oaks. I’ve always suspected these were very small, localized infections by some species of Phytophthora, like citricola, citrophthora, etc. but I’ve never verified. Whatever it is, it seems to me it never goes anywhere, i.e. the lesions remain very small and do not have any serious impact on the host. Does anyone else actually know what these are? It would be of great interest to me personally, in addition to providing an answer to the arborist. Cheers! Enrico [cid:image001.jpg@01D47FE8.F02D0710] Pierluigi (Enrico) Bonello Professor Department of Plant Pathology 201 Kottman Hall | 2021 Coffey Road Columbus, OH 43210 614-688-5401 Office | 614-292-4455 Fax bonello.2@osu.edu<mailto:bonello.2@osu.edu> | http://plantpath.osu.edu/bonello Center for Applied Plant Sciences | http://caps.osu.edu Translational Plant Sciences Graduate Program | http://tpsgp.osu.edu Environmental Science Graduate Program | http://esgp.osu.edu/ Infectious Diseases Institute | https://idi.osu.edu/ The STEAM Factory | https://steamfactory.osu.edu/ [cid:image002.jpg@01D47FE8.F02D0710][cid:image003.jpg@01D47FE8.F02D0710] ______________________________________________________________________ This email has been scanned by the Symantec Email Security.cloud service. For more information please visit http://www.symanteccloud.com ______________________________________________________________________ +++++ The Forestry Commission's computer systems may be monitored and communications carried out on them recorded, to secure the effective operation of the system and for other lawful purposes. +++++ The original of this email was scanned for viruses by the Government Secure Intranet (GSi) virus scanning service supplied exclusively by Cable & Wireless in partnership with MessageLabs. On leaving the GSi this email was certified virus-free

Hi Paul, Great input, thanks! Hope everything’s well with you. Enrico On Nov 20, 2018, at 2:07 PM, Zambino, Paul -FS <pzambino@fs.fed.us<mailto:pzambino@fs.fed.us>> wrote: Hi Enrico, Here is an updated contact for Rachael: Rachael - FS Sitz (rsitz@fs.fed.us<mailto:rsitz@fs.fed.us>). Rachael has just started as a research plant pathologist with Rocky Mountain Research Station in Moscow, working with Ned Klopfenstein. While I was a Forest Health Protection plant pathologist in southern California, Shannon Lynch’s project in the Eskalen lab was to work on determining causes of oak mortality and staining not attributed to sudden oak death. Sandra examined some of the stained declining coast live oak attacked by the goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus, and determined that besides the many canker-causing fungi that were being discovered, Lonsdalea species (formerly Brennaria, formerly Erwinia when I first starting in plant pathology!) were present. Sandra’s statement that black staining in oaks is often caused by Lonsdalea bacteria is also true for a number of other hardwoods with borer or other insect damage: Lonsdalea species also cause staining in alder and walnut with insect damage. There seems to be a relationship with Agrilus species worldwide. Do you know if the red oak borer is present? This insect has long been associated with red oak decline. Fusarium solani, Cryptosporiopsis, Phytophthoras, and other canker fungi often are associated with staining in oaks, but it is usually difficult to parse the contributions of the mix of organisms to determine what is causing the staining. However, inoculations showed some of these fungi can cause black staining in inoculated oak seedlings without the presence of bacteria. Here are some references. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS04100266 http://www.mycologia.org/content/105/1/125.full.pdf http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1094/PDIS-11-12-1055-RE http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/efp.12070/asset/efp12070.pdf?v… Akif Eskalen or Shannon Lynch may be able to provide more details of the research findings on coast live oak and California black oak decline in southern California such as the mix of associated pathogens and which fungal agents are most likely to cause black staining by themselves. You may also want to contact Jason Smith, who is working on declines in additional oak species. Paul Paul <image004.png> Paul Zambino, PhD Plant Pathologist Forest Service Northern and Intermountain Regions Forest Health Protection p: 208-765-7493<tel:208-765-7493> c: 208-446-4251<tel:208-446-4251> f: 208-765-7307<tel:208-765-7307> paul.zambino@usda.gov<mailto:paul.zambino@usda.gov> 3815 North Schreiber Way Coeur d'Alene, ID 83815 www.fs.fed.us<http://www.fs.fed.us/> <image005.png><http://usda.gov/><image006.png><https://twitter.com/forestservice><image007.png><https://www.facebook.com/pages/US-Forest-Service/1431984283714112> Caring for the land and serving people From: rg70200-forpath [mailto:rg70200-forpath-bounces@lists.iufro.org] On Behalf Of Denman, Sandra Sent: Monday, November 19, 2018 8:12 AM To: bonello.2@osu.edu<mailto:bonello.2@osu.edu>; rg70200-forpath@lists.iufro.org<mailto:rg70200-forpath@lists.iufro.org>; IUFRO RG 7.03.00 <rg70300-forent@lists.iufro.org<mailto:rg70300-forent@lists.iufro.org>> Cc: Crampton, Bridget <Bridget.Crampton@forestry.gsi.gov.uk<mailto:Bridget.Crampton@forestry.gsi.gov.uk>>; Simpson, Sally <Sally.Simpson@forestry.gsi.gov.uk<mailto:Sally.Simpson@forestry.gsi.gov.uk>>; Plummer, Sarah <sarah.plummer@forestry.gsi.gov.uk<mailto:sarah.plummer@forestry.gsi.gov.uk>>; James McDonald <j.mcdonald@bangor.ac.uk<mailto:j.mcdonald@bangor.ac.uk>> Subject: Re: [IUFRO RG 7.02 FORPATH] Oozing Black Spots on Limbs of White Oak Dear Enrico It is very good to hear from you, thanks for sending nice photographs. Is this on Quercus robur? I have seen very similar symptoms in the UK on Q. robur although weeps from the lower region of stem branches. Although these type of symptoms are not typical of AOD (Acute Oak Decline), the cankers and weeps tested positive for the AOD bacteria and so we assign the cause of the cankers to bacteria. Do you know if there is any insect association with the cankers in Ohio? We could send you swabs, you could swab affected trees and post them back to us for RT-PCR assessment for AOD bacteria, if that is of help to you. Additionally, there is an apparent emergence of Drippy blight in Colorado (Lonsdalea quercina). I think it would be useful to test for that in the case you mention in Ohio, it could be important. Rachel Sitz and Ian Pearse are contacts for this expertise (Rachael.Sitz@colostate.edu<mailto:Rachael.Sitz@colostate.edu>; ianspearse@gmail.com<mailto:ianspearse@gmail.com>). I hope this is helpful, Best wishes, Sandra Dr Sandra Denman Principal – Oak Declines: Senior Pathologist Centre for Ecosystems Society and Biosecurity Forest Research Alice Holt Lodge Gravel Hill Road Farnham GU10 4LH Tel: 0300 067 5640<tel:0300%20067%205640> Email:sandra.denman@forestry.gsi.gov.uk<mailto:sandra.denman@forestry.gsi.gov.uk> https://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/INFD-84RB3W From: rg70300-forent [mailto:rg70300-forent-bounces@lists.iufro.org] On Behalf Of Bonello, Enrico Sent: 17 November 2018 18:49 To: rg70200-forpath@lists.iufro.org<mailto:rg70200-forpath@lists.iufro.org>; IUFRO RG 7.03.00 Subject: [IUFRO RG 7.03 FORENT] Fwd: Oozing Black Spots on Limbs of White Oak Importance: High Hello forpathers and forenters, Below are a couple of pictures sent to me by a local arborist, wondering what’s going on on the main limbs of a white oak. I am contacting you because I find that this kind of very localized bark discoloration/staining is quite common in oaks. I’ve always suspected these were very small, localized infections by some species of Phytophthora, like citricola, citrophthora, etc. but I’ve never verified. Whatever it is, it seems to me it never goes anywhere, i.e. the lesions remain very small and do not have any serious impact on the host. Does anyone else actually know what these are? It would be of great interest to me personally, in addition to providing an answer to the arborist. Cheers! Enrico <image008.jpg> Pierluigi (Enrico) Bonello Professor Department of Plant Pathology 201 Kottman Hall | 2021 Coffey Road Columbus, OH 43210 614-688-5401<tel:614-688-5401> Office | 614-292-4455<tel:614-292-4455> Fax bonello.2@osu.edu<mailto:bonello.2@osu.edu> | http://plantpath.osu.edu/bonello Center for Applied Plant Sciences | http://caps.osu.edu<http://caps.osu.edu/> Translational Plant Sciences Graduate Program | http://tpsgp.osu.edu<http://tpsgp.osu.edu/> Environmental Science Graduate Program | http://esgp.osu.edu/ Infectious Diseases Institute | https://idi.osu.edu/ The STEAM Factory | https://steamfactory.osu.edu/ <image009.jpg><image010.jpg> ______________________________________________________________________ This email has been scanned by the Symantec Email Security.cloud service. For more information please visit http://www.symanteccloud.com<http://www.symanteccloud.com/> ______________________________________________________________________ +++++ The Forestry Commission's computer systems may be monitored and communications carried out on them recorded, to secure the effective operation of the system and for other lawful purposes. +++++ The original of this email was scanned for viruses by the Government Secure Intranet (GSi) virus scanning service supplied exclusively by Cable & Wireless in partnership with MessageLabs. On leaving the GSi this email was certified virus-free This electronic message contains information generated by the USDA solely for the intended recipients. Any unauthorized interception of this message or the use or disclosure of the information it contains may violate the law and subject the violator to civil or criminal penalties. 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