Responses regarding the orange-stained white pine query I posted last week.
Thank you to all who responded!
Most of the people who weighed in felt that this could be "red heart," or "red ring rot," caused by early stages of infection by Porodaedalea (Phellinus, Fomes) pini.
A few others suggest that the coloration is not necessarily caused by an infectious agent, but is rather just something peculiar to white pines, or perhaps associated with wet sites, slow growth, or suppression.
I will try to culture out of some of the colored wood, onto media selective for Hymenomycetes (thank you to Nick Brazee for media recipes).
All the responses follow.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Hi Bob, how about something simple like red heart caused by Phellinus pini? - Kevin T. Smith, Ph.D., USDA Forest Service
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Hi Bob: Just saw your FORPATH posting on the white pine problem.
From the looks of it, I think it could be the start of red ring rot caused by Phellinus pini (Fomes pini). The early stage of discoloration varies a bit from reddish to pinkish before the wood is severely decayed (real soft). The fruiting bodies of the fungus come out below old branch stubs....you might also see some pitch flows from branch stubs ...an early symptom of the disease. The fungus attacks many conifer species but in our area older growth white pines are commonly diseased....the cross section of the stem you provided appears to be quite old and slow growing due to no thinning in the
past....also, a stress on the trees and to the advantage of P. pini.
That would be my best guess without seeing the trees and poking around a bit. Hope this helps...let me know what others think. Hope all is well. Have a good day and greet those I know. - Dale R. Bergdahl
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The color, and the pattern in the lower picture, are the same as red ring rot caused by Phellinus pini (or whatever the correct name is at the moment). I don't see any of the white pocket rot you usually get with more advanced infection. Although this fungus is famous for infecting through branch stubs, it is happy to take advantage of wounds, as in the small cookie. - Barbara Burns, Vermont Department of Forests, Parks, & Recreation.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I have seen the orange wood in a local woodlot, and foresters refer to it as "pumpkin wood". There is no apparent relation to infectious disease or tree health. The coloration just seems to be peculiar to white pine in certain stands and locations. - Bill Livingston
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If this is from a butt disk the most likely explanation is the tree is infected with Tomentosus root disease (TRD) caused by Inonotus tomentosus. This is a very characteristic stain pattern, associated with this root disease, which is expressed, up the stem from the roots, well in advance of any signs of fungal degradation. In the advanced stages of decay this fungus causes a very distinct type of pocket rot (see stump image). This a serious root disease most often associated with Picea spp causing stand opening disease, but also affecting other conifer spp. Pinus, Abies, Larix, Thuja, Tsuga. Where I. tomentosus infects the root system this can easily explain the dieback and decline in the stand. Most infection takes place underground through root grafting between infected and healthy roots. Roots systems of stressed trees are susceptible to infection as they cannot wall off the fungus penetration from an infected adjacent root, often resulting in disease/mortality centres and eventual stand openings. Visible signs (fruiting bodies) of the disease are evident only in the late fall, on the ground sprouting along infected roots and sometimes present at the root collar of severely infect trees (see fruiting body images). Some of these fruiting bodies may still be evident in the stand now, but will deteriorate relatively quickly once the weather warms up as this is an annual leather type fruiting body. - Gary Warren, PhD , Canadian Forest Service
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In Boyce, reads : The heartwood of sugar, western white, and eastern white pines often becomes a pink, light-red or vinousred color on dying. Have you observed the presence of the fungus Porodaedalea pini (Fomes pini) that cause Red ring rot? - Guy Bussières
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I asked a recent PhD grad who did a lot of research on EWP (Dr. Philip Marshall). Here is what he said: "Yes I have seen this a number of times, especially in trees from wetland sites. It seems to be associated with suppression/stagnation/slow growth, and the color is from an accumulation of resins in the wood (so there may be a stress response involved). " - Ann Camp
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
It is hard to tell for sure using photos but what caught my eye was the beginnings of a ring pattern just inside the sapwood region and that is quite common....with ref ring rot. Anyway, good to hear about the other comments and that Kevin agrees with me...I guess.... Wasn't aware of the name change again...that makes 3 scientific names during my career. Looking forward to hearing more comments...once you get them all maybe provide a brief summary and send to FORPATH. Hope all is well. - Dale R Bergdahl
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Below is my explanation for "pumpkin pine" sent to Karen Bennett, Extension Forestry Professor and Specialist, University of New Hampshire, Durham, 9 April 2012, in response to her question about its cause.
A whole range of colors occur in columns of wound-initiated discoloration during the early pre-symptomatic stage of decay in white pine. For example, early stages of decay by Phellinus pini is often called "red heart". The color that is caused by oxidation of phenolic extractives of heartwood and can vary with pH. Pioneer bacterial associates of decay fungi can make wood more basic if the oxygen content of wood is low because they feed on proteins and produce ammonia, and more acidic at high oxygen content because they feed on carbohydrates. Pioneer fungi associated with early wood decay can grow as budding spores and may produce pigments of their own depending on pH and trace metal content. Once the oxygen content increases near the open wound as exposed wood dries, the decay fungi begin to actively decompose wood to produce typical symptoms of decay such as the white pocket rot of P. pini and then spread through the discolored wood over time from years to decades. The size and shape of the discoloration stage proceeding symptomatic decay varies with the number and size of woods exposing wood to infection. The loss of branches leaves a stub wound that exposes the central portion of the tree to aeration and infection; the loss of bark yields a scar wound that exposes sapwood and live inner bark to dehydration, aeration and infection. Color variations depend on complex interactions of phenolic compounds produced by the tree, the degree of dehydration and aeration, the types of pioneer bacteria and fungi associated with the decay pathogen which colonizes the exposed live, dying, and dead wood. Some decay pathogens like P. pini attack and kill live outer sapwood and inner bark causing a canker that continues to expose live tissue, other pathogens can attack only sapwood, but not inner bark, and yet other non-pathogenic fungi attack only dead heartwood. The living sapwood and inner bark is protected to varying degrees by compartmentalization, the protective system in tree which varies genetically and with environmental conditions. Trees with poor compartmentalization have larger columns than those with strong compartmentalization. The light brown pine boards with unusual yellowish-golden or reddish brown hues known in the trade as "pumpkin pine" is likely found only in larger, older trees because it takes time for large columns to develop in the heart of trees likely exposed by smaller stub wounds keeping the oxygen content relatively low so decay will not spread quickly through the discolored wood. The same colors can be seen in association with lots of smaller columns in smaller, younger trees, and occur as isolated patches in boards cut from them. It is easy to imagine red heart altered to the colors of pumpkin pine by adjusting the pH and perhaps the trace metal content during the early stage of decay when pioneer bacteria and fungi are active before advanced decay begins. So there is my explanation of pumpkin pine. - Walter Shortle
Robert E. Marra, Ph.D.
Forest Pathologist
Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
123 Huntington Street, P.O. Box 1106
New Haven CT 06504-1106
http://www.ct.gov/caes/cwp/view.asp?a=2812&q=394858
E-mail: robert.marra(a)ct.gov<mailto:robert.marra@ct.gov<mailto:robert.marra@ct.gov%3cmailto:robert.marra@ct.gov>>
Phone: (203) 974-8508
Fax: (203) 974-8502
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First IUFRO-FORNESSA Regional Congress
25-29 June 2012, Nairobi, Kenya
CONGRESS REGISTRATION AND INFORMATION
Dear member of the IUFRO network,
Dear friend of IUFRO,
For the first time ever, an IUFRO-FORNESSA Regional Congress & ITTO/AFF
Forest Policy Day on "Forests and Trees: Serving the People of Africa and
the World" is being organized in Nairobi, Kenya on 25-29 June 2012.
This Regional Congress will provide a unique opportunity to stimulate and
enhance scientific cooperation with our colleagues, forest researchers and
organizations in Africa. The overall goal of the Congress is to demonstrate
how forest science is impacting on livelihoods, environmental management and
development in Africa. The Congress will highlight research that puts
relevant information in the hands of forest communities, forest managers,
policy makers, the private sector and civil society.
The Congress will take place at the premises of the World Agroforestry
Centre (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya. An
overview of the Congress Timetable is posted on the website at
http://www.fornis.net/congress/en/homepage, as well as information on the
Congress venue, local logistics, accommodation and the Congress program. All
information is regularly updated with the most recent developments as the
Congress is coming closer.
Do not forget to make your registration before 15 May 2012 through the
Congress website at http://www.fornis.net/congress/en/homepage and pay the
registration fee as described at
http://www.fornis.net/congress/en/registrationfee. Your registration before
the deadline will be essential for arranging local transportation in
Nairobi, which can otherwise not be ensured by the local organizers.
The local Congress organizers and IUFRO Board members are looking forward to
seeing you at the first IUFRO-FORNESSA Regional Congress in Africa and will
be glad to welcome you in Nairobi.
Michael Kleine
IUFRO Deputy Executive Director
Hello Forpathers,
The following pictures were taken from recently felled white pines in a small area on water company property experiencing some severe dieback. This is a very dense stand, heavily overcrowded and large, maybe 60-80 years old, having obviously never had a thinning. So they're stressed. But when I had one of the foresters fell a couple of trees so we could look for any signs of disease, we noticed this bright orange staining. I don't have any reason to believe that this orange staining is the cause of the dieback, since it's not common to all the trees that are dying, but it's a curiosity worth inquiring about. The orange color was most strikingly vivid when the trees were first cut.
Thanks,
Bob
[cid:image001.jpg@01CD1EFB.B83A5E70]
[cid:image002.jpg@01CD1EFB.B83A5E70]
[cid:image003.jpg@01CD1EFB.B83A5E70]
Robert E. Marra, Ph.D.
Forest Pathologist
Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
123 Huntington Street, P.O. Box 1106
New Haven CT 06504-1106
http://www.ct.gov/caes/cwp/view.asp?a=2812&q=394858
E-mail: robert.marra(a)ct.gov<mailto:robert.marra@ct.gov<mailto:robert.marra@ct.gov%3cmailto:robert.marra@ct.gov>>
Phone: (203) 974-8508
Fax: (203) 974-8502
Please consider the environment before printing this e-mail
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Greetings Forpathers-
We are about to embark on a very large project that will entail coring a large number (a couple thousand) tropical rainforest trees to look at fungi decaying the insides of the trees. The trees are part of a long-term study, and there is significant (and reasonable) concern that we do no harm to the trees that might speed their demise. As such, there are very strong opinions about what we should do to the holes after we remove the cores. As the pathologist on the project, it is my responsibility to provide a clear, evidence-based rationale for what we do, and I'm seeking Forpath advice on the latest (preferably with published studies).
I know there is plenty out there about not tarring or painting pruning wounds. I have a rather old publication on wound healing of cores in tropical trees that showed pretty rapid sealing of drill wounds (through a variety of mechanisms) (Gilbert and Guariguata 1996 Biotropica 28: 23-29). But I'm not finding much empirical work out there on what should best be done to handle deep wounds like trunk cores on trees.
Any advice -- your personal observations, citations, rationale for different approaches - would be greatly appreciated.
What would you do to protect trees from infection after coring?
Thanks very much,
Greg
*************************************************************************************************************************
Gregory S. Gilbert, Ph.D. Director, SCWIBLES GK-12 Training Program
Professor and Pepper-Giberson Chair tel: (831) 459-5002 http://scwibles.ucsc.edu
Environmental Studies fax: (831) 459-4015 Co-Director, CenTREAD
1156 High St. ggilbert(a)ucsc.edu http://centread.ucsc.edu
University of California Research Group
Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA http://people.ucsc.edu/~ggilbert
Si no usas la cabeza, alguien por ti la va a abusar. Rubén Blades
*************************************************************************************************************************
Dear colleagues,
With deep sorrow and regret, we have to announce that Professor Edwin
Donaubauer passed away on March 18, 2012 in his 80th year of life in
Vienna.
The burial took place on March 27 at Mauer Cemetery. A requiem will be
held at parish church St. Erhard, 1230 Vienna, Endresstrasse/Maurer
Hauptplatz, on Saturday, April 14 at 09:00.
Edwin Donaubauer was a pioneer of forest pathology, forest entomology
and forest protection in Austria. For 40 years he was one of the
influential persons of the Federal Forest Research Centre, Vienna (now
Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and
Landscape – BFW, http://bfw.ac.at) and greatly contributed to its rise
to an international recognized institution for forest research, first as
a young scientist and from 1964 to 1994 as head of the Institute of
Forest Protection (http://bfw.ac.at/rz/bfwcms.web?dok=1244) Edwin
Donaubauer was also closely attached to the University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU, http://www.boku.ac.at/,
http://www.wabo.boku.ac.at/507.html) where he has been lecturing for 40
years, from 1971 to 2011.
Besides his national commitments in Austria, Edwin Donaubauer was
thinking in international dimensions, was in intensive contact with
numerous colleagues abroad and was strongly engaged in international
forest research activities (e. g. IUFRO and FAO). He was one of the
founders of the European Journal of Forest Pathology (now Forest
Pathology) and has been serving as a member of its editorial board for
38 years.
In a world of specialization Edwin Donaubauer always impressed us
because of his deep and broad knowledge in all sub-disciplines of forest
protection (forest pathology, forest protection, air pollution and
wildlife ecology). He will be remembered for his open and communicative
personality, his positive attitude to life, his good sense of humor and
his readiness to help others.
Edwin Donaubauer was so enthusiastically committed to teaching that he
continued to give lectures and courses into his late 70's, even until
November 2011. Generations of students will remember his enthusiasm for
science, his inspiration as a teacher and his unique way of lecturing
combining well-grounded expert and practical knowledge with humorously
and colorful told anecdotes and case studies.
Attached you will find a photograph of Edwin, how we will remember him
(taken during an excursion to the Alps in 1991).
He was a devoted husband, father, grandfather and mentor to many. He is
survived by his wife Annelies, his daughters Andrea and Beatrix and his
son Christian and their families.
We strongly miss our passionate friend and insightful mentor!
Warm regards,
Erhard Halmschlager & Thomas Kirisits (BOKU), Thomas L. Cech &
Christian Tomiczek (BFW)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
An obituary, written in German, has been posted on the BFW homepage:
http://bfw.ac.at/rz/bfwcms.web?dok=9175
Another obituary will be prepared for Forest Pathology.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
If you would like to send cards or condolences, the address of the
family is as follows:
Familie Donaubauer
Kanitzgasse 49
1230 Vienna
Email: christian.donaubauer(a)selfnet.at (son)
3rd meeting of "Alien invasive species and international trade" (IUFRO 7.03.12),
Tokyo from June 10 to 16, 2012
Dear fellow forest entomologists and pathologists,
The deadline for abstract submission of the upcoming meeting in Tokyo is just a month away. There is still plenty of room for more presentations. We have secured some sponsorship which enables us to keep the registration costs very affordable, and we have extended the deadline for the early registration discount until April 10. See below for further information and links to conference pages.
Early registration discount extended to April 10, 2012
Deadline for Abstract submission: April 30th, 2012
Abstract(s) should be sent to Kenji Fukuda at fukuda(a)k.u-tokyo.ac.jp<mailto:fukuda@k.u-tokyo.ac.jp>
Please check our websites.
Conference Homepage
http://hyoka.nenv.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp/alien.htm
Registration
https://apollon.nta.co.jp/IUFRO2012-er/
Accommodation and field trip
https://apollon.nta.co.jp/IUFRO2012-eh/perl/jouhou.pl?&mode=top
Early Registration deadline (Japan time = UTC+17:30) and registration fees:
Early registration
Late registration*
Until April 10, 2012
After April 10, 2012*
Participant
JPY 20,000 (ca. $250 USD)
JPY 25,000 (ca. $300 USD)
Student
JPY 15,000 (ca. $180 USD)
JPY 20,000 (ca. $250 USD)
* Important: All presenters need to have registered by May 10, 2012
Please visit the registration website, register for the meeting and send your abstract to fukuda(a)k.u-tokyo.ac.jp<mailto:fukuda@k.u-tokyo.ac.jp>.
If you have already sent me an e-mail with your personal information and presentation title, you will still need to submit your registration via the conference website. This involves making an account (ID) with your information which will enable you to see these webpages on which the registration and hotel reservation will be made. (Making your ID does not mean you are registered to the meeting.)
Thank you for your understanding and cooperation.
We look forward to seeing you in Tokyo!
Please note:
One year on, Tokyo has been largely unaffected by the disastrous earthquake, Tsunami and nuclear accident. It is safe to visit Tokyo and to attend this conference and the post-conference tour.
We look forward to seeing you at the meeting.
Sincerely yours,
Local Organizer:
Kenji Fukuda fukuda(a)k.u-tokyo.ac.jp<mailto:fukuda@k.u-tokyo.ac.jp>
On behalf of the working party coordinators: Hugh Evans, Eric Allen, Kerry Britton and Kenji Fukuda
--
******************************************
Prof. Kenji FUKUDA
Department of Natural Environmental Studies
Graduate School of Frontier Sciences
The University of Tokyo
5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-city
Chiba 277-8653, JAPAN
Phone +81-4-7136-4766, Fax +81-4-7136-4756
e-mail: fukuda(a)k.u-tokyo.ac.jp<mailto:fukuda@k.u-tokyo.ac.jp>
*******************************************
________________________________
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Scion does not accept responsibility for anything in this e-mail which is not provided in the course of Scion's usual business or for any computer virus, data corruption, interference or delay arising from this e-mail.
Colleagues - Please forward to others that might be interested...
Now available....
A risk assessment of climate change and the impact of forest diseases on forest ecosystems in the Western United States and Canada
http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr236/
By, John T. Kliejunas
Description: This risk assessment projects the effects of eight forest diseases under two climate-change scenarios (warmer and drier, warmer and wetter). Examples are used to describe how various types of forest diseases may respond to environmental changes. Forest diseases discussed in this report include foliar diseases, Phytophthora diseases, stem rusts, canker diseases, dwarf mistletoes, root diseases, and yellow-cedar decline. The likelihood and consequences of increased damage to forests from each disease as a result of climate change are analyzed and assigned a risk value of high, moderate, or low. The risk value is based on available biological information and subjective judgment. Although results suggest that climate change will affect forest health, uncertainty arises regarding the degree of climate change that will occur; pathogen biology under changing climate; the effects of changing climate directly on the host; and the interactions between the pathogen, host, and climate.
Keywords: Climate change, forest pathogens, environmental risk assessment, foliar diseases, Phytophthora, Armillaria, stem rusts, canker diseases, dwarf mistletoe, root diseases, yellow-cedar decline.
Citation: Kliejunas, John T. 2011. A risk assessment of climate change and the impact of forest diseases on forest ecosystems in the Western United States and Canada. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-236. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 70 p.
To order a free hardcopy: email Richard Schneider, rschneider(a)fs.fed.us<mailto:rschneider@fs.fed.us> with your mailing address and the name of the publication.
(Sorry if you received several copies of this message.)
- Susan
Susan J. Frankel
Biologist, Sudden Oak Death Research
USDA-Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station
Mailing address:
PO Box 245
Berkeley, CA 94701
Street address:
800 Buchanan Street, West Annex Building,
Albany, CA 94710-0011
Phone: 510-559-6472 FAX :510-559-6440
sfrankel(a)fs.fed.us<mailto:sfrankel@fs.fed.us>
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Dear colleagues,
I am saddened to pass on the news that Fields Cobb passed away on November 7th in Sandpoint, Idaho, where he retired after many years at UC Berkeley. We'll miss our passionate friend and insightful mentor.
His family and Det Vogler prepared the attached obituary.
Warm regards,
Tom
Tom Harrington
tcharrin(a)iastate.edu
Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology
351 Bessey Hall
Iowa State University
Ames, IA 50011
ph: 515-294-0582
fax: 515-294-9420
http://www.public.iastate.edu/~tcharrin/homepage.html
Hello All,
I am searching for a Ph.D. student to look at resistance to Septoria musiva in hybrid poplar plantations. I have included the job description and application information below. Please feel free to forward this to any interested individuals.
Sincerely,
Jared LeBoldus
POSITION INFORMATION:
Dr. Jared LeBoldus is seeking an outstanding student to pursue a PhD degree in Forest Pathology in Department of Plant Pathology at North Dakota State University (http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/plantpath/faculty/jared-leboldus) Dr. LeBoldus is an Assistant Professor of Plant pathology and has worked for 7 years on disease issues related to forest trees. He has focused on epidemiology in plantation forestry and resistance of Populus species and there hybrids to disease.
The PhD student's research will focus on a 3-year project emphasizing the resistance to Septoria musiva, a fungal pathogen of poplar trees. The student will develop a RT-PCR protocol to quantify pathogen development in host tissue and for use as a diagnostic tool for pathogen detection in the field. The student will also conduct inoculation experiments and use a variety of molecular techniques (e.g.: association mapping, QTL analysis, etc...) to identify resistance genes in the host population and/or virulence factors in the pathogen population.
Depending on the interests of the student this project also offers considerable opportunities and flexibility in designing a research program that investigates areas of specific interest in the context of the overall framework of the project.
Background in plant pathology and or a related field is required. Proficiency in written and spoken English is also a requirement. Experience in plant pathogen interactions, forest pathology, or forest ecology, molecular biology and genetics would be an asset; however, it is not required. Selection of a student will be based on academic achievements, reference letters, and previous research experience. Strong verbal, written and analytical skills are also essential. A Graduate Research Assistantship and tuition waiver will be provided. Students may also be eligible for other scholarships.
The position is available starting June 2012. The starting date is negotiable and can be as late as January 2013. The applicant must meet the entrance requirements for North Dakota State University, Department of Plant Pathology; which can be viewed at: http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/plantpath. Applications must be submitted to the graduate school online at http://www.ndsu.edu/gradschool/.
Any questions about this opportunity should be directed to Dr. LeBoldus at jared.leboldus(a)ndsu.edu<mailto:jared.leboldus@ndsu.edu>
Dear colleagues,
Please see message below from our clinician. If you have an answer, please respond directly to Nancy Taylor (taylor.8(a)osu.edu<mailto:taylor.8@osu.edu>) with a copy to me.
Thanks!
Enrico
Pierluigi (Enrico) Bonello, Professor
Dept. of Plant Pathology
The Ohio State University
201 Kottman Hall
2021 Coffey Road
Columbus, OH 43210
Tel: (614) 688-5401
Lab: (614) 688-5409
Fax: (614) 292-4455
http://plantpath.osu.edu/people-and-programs/faculty-directory/bonello-pier…
Environmental Science Graduate Program (ESGP)
http://esgp.osu.edu/
From: nancy <taylor.8(a)osu.edu<mailto:taylor.8@osu.edu>>
Date: Mon, 5 Mar 2012 14:28:44 -0500
To: Enrico Bonello <bonello.2(a)osu.edu<mailto:bonello.2@osu.edu>>
Subject: Pitch-Loblolly Pine needle disease
Enrico, would you post this question to the forest path list?
I received a sample of pitch-loblolly pine (Pinus rigida x taeda) which was planted last spring, plants are about 12-15 inches tall. It appears to have a needle disease, either a spot or maybe a needlecast. My first thought upon seeing the sample was a rust, but microscopic appearance does not seem right to me.
The spots are bright yellow-orange around an apparently acervular fruiting body. I do not recognize this fungus and am not finding it in my usual conifer references. In some of my slides I saw some spermatia-like spores but this is definitely not a pycnidium and so not Phyllosticta. The rounder spores are somewhat variable in size.
Has anyone from the areas where pitch and loblolly pines are native seen this?
Nancy J. Taylor, Director
C. Wayne Ellett Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic
Ohio State University
8995 E. Main St., Bldg 23
Reynoldsburg, OH 43068-3399
Phone: (614) 403-1640
FAX: (614) 466-9754
Email: taylor.8(a)osu.edu<mailto:taylor.8@osu.edu>
http://ppdc.osu.edu
<http://ppdc.osu.edu/>
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