This Special Issue of Trees, Forests and People, organized by IUFRO Research Group 9.03 (Forest History and Traditional Knowledge), invites research and case studies from around the world focusing on the interlinkages between forest biodiversity, traditional knowledge, sustainable livelihoods, food security and human health. It will include such topics as: integration of native forest species in traditional agroforestry systems for enhancing their climate resilience; traditional agroecological systems to support food security in the context of climate change; conservation and management of medicinal plant resources and other non-timber forest products based on traditional knowledge for sustainable livelihoods; governance and policy dimensions of integrating traditional and formal knowledge and practices in forest management and human health.