From richard.hamelin at ubc.ca Tue Nov 10 20:01:30 2009 From: richard.hamelin at ubc.ca (Richard Hamelin) Date: Tue, 10 Nov 2009 11:01:30 -0800 Subject: [IUFRO RG 7.02 FORPATH] Fourth International Rusts of Forest Trees Conference IUFRO 7.02.05 Message-ID: Dear Forest Pathologists: Mark your calendars! The Fourth International Rusts of Forest Trees Conference will be held in beautiful Florence, Italy, May 3-7 2010. Stay tuned for further details or visit the web site at http://www.iufro.org/science/divisions/division-7/70000/70200/70205/activities/#c14972 Hope to see you in Florence! Salvatore Moricca Richard Hamelin -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091110/45ca5c70/attachment-0002.html -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: florence10-flyer-1.pdf Type: application/pdf Size: 2135261 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091110/45ca5c70/attachment-0001.pdf -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091110/45ca5c70/attachment-0003.html From Rob.Lawrence at mdc.mo.gov Tue Nov 17 20:53:04 2009 From: Rob.Lawrence at mdc.mo.gov (Rob Lawrence) Date: Tue, 17 Nov 2009 13:53:04 -0600 Subject: [IUFRO RG 7.02 FORPATH] Forest Pathologist position - Missouri, USA Message-ID: Colleagues - Please circulate to all interested persons: The Missouri Department of Conservation is seeking candidates for the Forest Pathologist (Resource Scientist) position located in Columbia, Missouri, USA. The Pathologist partners with the Forest Entomologist to monitor forest health and provide forest health information to resource managers, landowners and the general public in Missouri. The Pathologist provides leadership in Department responses to emerging forest disease issues and conducts forest pathology research relating to forest health monitoring and resource management. The job description and information for applying online are available at this site: http://mdc.mo.gov/about/jobs/ Deadline for applications is January 15, 2010. -------------------------------------------------------------- Robert Lawrence, Ph.D. Resource Scientist - Forest Entomologist Missouri Department of Conservation 1110 South College Ave. Columbia, MO 65201 Tel: 573-882-9909, ext. 3303 Fax: 573-882-4517 E-mail: Robert.Lawrence at mdc.mo.gov --------------------------------------------------------------- -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091117/c7cc9a20/attachment.html From Mike.Albers at dnr.state.mn.us Mon Nov 16 19:48:29 2009 From: Mike.Albers at dnr.state.mn.us (Mike Albers) Date: Mon, 16 Nov 2009 12:48:29 -0600 Subject: [IUFRO RG 7.02 FORPATH] Fwd: Dark rings in red oak logs References: <4AFD48CB.F956.00CA.0@dnr.state.mn.us> <4AFD55E0.F956.00CA.0@dnr.state.mn.us> <4AFD5ABE.F956.00CA.0@dnr.state.mn.us> <4B014511.F956.00CA.0@dnr.state.mn.us> Message-ID: <4B014A1E.F956.00CA.0@dnr.state.mn.us> Any idea what would cause dark rings in red oak logs as in the attached pictures? The dark rings run the length of the logs. So far this has been seen on a number of sites in 3 or 4 counties in Minnesota. Not all red oak trees on a site have the dark rings. My first guess is that it is a barrier zone resulting from a wound or injury of some type. However it seems strange that it forms a complete cylinder that reaches the ends of the logs. I didn't see any logs where the dark ring only went part way around a log. Also there were some logs that had obvious injuries with decay and discoloration but these logs did not form rings or even have distinct barrier zones going even part way around the log. I've only looked at logs like this while in the mill, not on the site where they were harvested. At first, the thought was that these rings were the result of something happening 16 to 17 years ago. This will take more investigation, but it looks to me like the time period varies anywhere from 6 to 35 years. Also at this time I can't say if the time period varies ibetween sites, or if the time period varies from log to log on the same site. Any suggestions would be appreciated. Mike Albers Forest Health Specialist MN DNR-Forestry 1201 E. Hwy. # 2 Grand Rapids, MN 55744 (218)-327-4115 Mike Albers Forest Health Specialist MN DNR-Forestry 1201 E. Hwy. # 2 Grand Rapids, MN 55744 (218)-327-4115 Mike Albers Forest Health Specialist MN DNR-Forestry 1201 E. Hwy. # 2 Grand Rapids, MN 55744 (218)-327-4115 Mike Albers Forest Health Specialist MN DNR-Forestry 1201 E. Hwy. # 2 Grand Rapids, MN 55744 (218)-327-4115 Mike Albers Forest Health Specialist MN DNR-Forestry 1201 E. Hwy. # 2 Grand Rapids, MN 55744 (218)-327-4115 -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091116/078d340f/attachment-0001.html -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: 100_1545A.JPG Type: image/jpeg Size: 664691 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091116/078d340f/attachment-0002.jpe -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: 100_1547A.JPG Type: image/jpeg Size: 731200 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091116/078d340f/attachment-0003.jpe From grs at plantpath.wisc.edu Mon Nov 23 15:32:25 2009 From: grs at plantpath.wisc.edu (Glen Stanosz) Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2009 08:32:25 -0600 Subject: [IUFRO RG 7.02 FORPATH] Graduate research assistantship available Message-ID: <000901ca6c49$c6df8430$549e8c90$@wisc.edu> A graduate research assistantship is available to support a student pursuing an MS or PhD degree with my program through the Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. A generous stipend, medical benefits, and tuition waiver are included. Only candidates with a strong background in plant and forest sciences, as well as plant pathology and mycology, are encouraged to apply. Excellent abilities in spoken and written English are required. Support can begin in fall semester 2010. Please see the web page of the Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology (http://forestandwildlifeecology.wisc.edu/) and the link there for application instructions. Information regarding recent activities in my program can easily be obtained by searching the web for publications. Glen R. Stanosz, Ph. D. Professor of Forest Pathology Department of Plant Pathology Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin-Madison 1630 Linden Drive Madison, WI 53706 USA telephone: 608-265-2863 fax: 608-263-2626 email: grs at plantpath.wisc.edu FOREST PATHOLOGY: research, teaching, and outreach to keep trees and forests green and growing! -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091123/beaab817/attachment.html From pzambino at fs.fed.us Mon Nov 23 21:43:15 2009 From: pzambino at fs.fed.us (Paul Zambino) Date: Mon, 23 Nov 2009 12:43:15 -0800 Subject: [IUFRO RG 7.02 FORPATH] [IUFRO RG 7.03 FORENT] Fwd: Dark rings in red oak logs PLUS other oak dendrochronology question: enclosed phloem In-Reply-To: <1619B5FCF29FB54BA60763127219FF810623E3E5@tlhadmexbe01.doacs.state.fl.us> Message-ID: Hi Mike, and others who have responded, Kevin Smith's review "An organismal view of dendrochronology" in Dendrochronologia mentions examples of white rings that develop in poplar and birch in response to insect defoliation or crown loss in winter storms. I am not sure what would cause dark rings in oak, but agree that it is something that is activating a compartmentalization response and/or creating a barrier zone. Because these occurrences are a complete, single growth ring that encompasses the whole tree, I suspect an environmental factor. Mike, you might check for a correlation between the year of the ring and winter injury, late or early frost, an extreme winter or summer temperature event, or maybe even flooding or insect defoliation. In response to Ed Barnard, I don't think these rings indicate oak wilt, as infections in white oaks that survive the first year generally show up as incomplete and spotty dark rings, with additional partial dark rings in the same affected areas the following year in surviving white oaks. Among oaks, red oaks die very quickly of oak wilt, so you wouldn't see this long term survival. On a different dendrochronology note: If anyone is familiar with "islands" of enclosed phloem in red or live oaks that apparently generate a new layer of xylem-generating cambium after cambium injury please let me know. I have found this response in several oak species after attack by the cambium-feeding gold-spotted oak borer (GSOB), Agrilus coxalis, which is now a problem pest in Southern California. I am developing methods of back-dating such enclosed phloem to reconstruct the history of the pest's residence and spread within and among stands, and determine onset of tree mortality after attacks. So I need to know other factors -- biotic or environmental -- that may generate similar new layers of xylem external to patches of enclosed phloem. I have enclosed pictures of the enclosed phloem and response wood that develops after GSOB attack if inner phloem has not been killed by very heavy attacks and/or pathogens associated with this decline. Thanks! Paul Zambino ><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>< Paul Zambino, Ph.D. Plant Pathologist, Forest Health Protection Southern California Shared Service Area San Bernardino NF - SO 602 S. Tippecanoe San Bernardino, CA 92408-3430 Ph: (909)382-2727 FAX: (909)383-5586 Cell: (909)215-0394 Email: pzambino at fs.fed.us ><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>< "Barnard, Ed" Sent by: rg70300-forent-bounces at lists.iufro.org 11/21/2009 11:09 AM Please respond to "IUFRO RG 7.03.00" To "IUFRO RG 7.03.00" cc Subject Re: [IUFRO RG 7.03 FORENT] Fwd: Dark rings in red oak logs Folks (and particularly Mike Albers), Very interesting! I really have no idea, being for the most part a Pathologist in Florida dealing primarily with pines. As a pathologist, a thought comes to mind, but you should try to verify even the possibility of this with someone who deals with oak wilt (caused by Ceratocystis fagacearum). You are (as I understand it) in an area where this disease occurs, and red oaks are susceptible hosts, often displaying vascular staining or streaking. Most of the time infected red oaks die, but I do know that if infections of some vascular wilts are not lethal, recovery can occur, sometimes ?compartmentalizing? the pathogen in interior vascular tissues ? together with its associated vascular staining. Any chance that these trees might be oak wilt survivors? This could possibly be evaluated in a laboratory. Ed From: rg70300-forent-bounces at lists.iufro.org [mailto:rg70300-forent-bounces at lists.iufro.org] On Behalf Of Mike Albers Sent: Thursday, November 19, 2009 11:44 AM To: rg70300-forent at lists.iufro.org Subject: [IUFRO RG 7.03 FORENT] Fwd: Dark rings in red oak logs Any idea what would cause dark rings in red oak logs as in the attached pictures? The dark rings run the length of the logs. So far this has been seen on a number of sites in 3 or 4 counties in Minnesota. Not all red oak trees on a site have the dark rings. My first guess is that it is a barrier zone resulting from a wound or injury of some type. However it seems strange that it forms a complete cylinder that reaches the ends of the logs. I didn't see any logs where the dark ring only went part way around a log. Also there were some logs that had obvious injuries with decay and discoloration but these logs did not form rings or even have distinct barrier zones going even part way around the log. I've only looked at logs like this while in the mill, not on the site where they were harvested. At first, the thought was that these rings were the result of something happening 16 to 17 years ago. This will take more investigation, but it looks to me like the time period varies anywhere from 6 to 35 years. Also at this time I can't say if the time period varies ibetween sites, or if the time period varies from log to log on the same site. Any suggestions would be appreciated. Mike Albers Forest Health Specialist MN DNR-Forestry 1201 E. Hwy. # 2 Grand Rapids, MN 55744 (218)-327-4115_______________________________________________ IUFRO Mailing List To post a message to all list members, send email to: rg70300-forent at lists.iufro.org List info and Archive: http://www.iufro.org/science/iufro-mailing-lists/overview/ -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091123/2985876c/attachment-0001.html -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: not available Type: image/jpeg Size: 33882 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091123/2985876c/attachment-0005.jpe -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: IMG_1261 Q Agrif GSOB attacks sm.JPG Type: image/jpeg Size: 99971 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091123/2985876c/attachment-0006.jpe -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: IMG_1291 Q Agrif Possible GSOB layers sm.JPG Type: image/jpeg Size: 139103 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091123/2985876c/attachment-0007.jpe -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: IMG_0386 Q agrif GSOB response crpsm.JPG Type: image/jpeg Size: 789839 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091123/2985876c/attachment-0008.jpe -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: IMG_0244crp1sm.JPG Type: image/jpeg Size: 677857 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091123/2985876c/attachment-0009.jpe From fred.baker at usu.edu Tue Nov 24 17:35:46 2009 From: fred.baker at usu.edu (Fred Baker) Date: Tue, 24 Nov 2009 09:35:46 -0700 Subject: [IUFRO RG 7.02 FORPATH] Dark rings in red oak logs In-Reply-To: <4B014A1E.F956.00CA.0@dnr.state.mn.us> References: <4AFD48CB.F956.00CA.0@dnr.state.mn.us> <4AFD55E0.F956.00CA.0@dnr.state.mn.us> <4AFD5ABE.F956.00CA.0@dnr.state.mn.us> <4B014511.F956.00CA.0@dnr.state.mn.us> <4B014A1E.F956.00CA.0@dnr.state.mn.us> Message-ID: Mike et al.: I have seen a similar phenomenon in bur oaks subject to extreme drought. These images came from a city park in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The disk came from a dead tree. The image of the yellowing trees was taken mid-August I wish we had sampled the live trees. Could your rings in red oak be a response to a less extreme event? Fred On Nov 16, 2009, at 11:48 AM, Mike Albers wrote: > Any idea what would cause dark rings in red oak logs as in the > attached pictures? > > The dark rings run the length of the logs. So far this has been > seen on a number of sites in 3 or 4 counties in Minnesota. Not all > red oak trees on a site have the dark rings. > > My first guess is that it is a barrier zone resulting from a wound > or injury of some type. However it seems strange that it forms a > complete cylinder that reaches the ends of the logs. I didn't see > any logs where the dark ring only went part way around a log. Also > there were some logs that had obvious injuries with decay and > discoloration but these logs did not form rings or even have > distinct barrier zones going even part way around the log. > > I've only looked at logs like this while in the mill, not on the > site where they were harvested. At first, the thought was that these > rings were the result of something happening 16 to 17 years ago. > This will take more investigation, but it looks to me like the time > period varies anywhere from 6 to 35 years. Also at this time I > can't say if the time period varies ibetween sites, or if the time > period varies from log to log on the same site. > > Any suggestions would be appreciated. > > > > Mike Albers > Forest Health Specialist > MN DNR-Forestry > 1201 E. Hwy. # 2 > Grand Rapids, MN 55744 > (218)-327-4115 > > > Mike Albers > Forest Health Specialist > MN DNR-Forestry > 1201 E. Hwy. # 2 > Grand Rapids, MN 55744 > (218)-327-4115 > > > Mike Albers > Forest Health Specialist > MN DNR-Forestry > 1201 E. Hwy. # 2 > Grand Rapids, MN 55744 > (218)-327-4115 > > > Mike Albers > Forest Health Specialist > MN DNR-Forestry > 1201 E. Hwy. # 2 > Grand Rapids, MN 55744 > (218)-327-4115 > > > Mike Albers > Forest Health Specialist > MN DNR-Forestry > 1201 E. Hwy. # 2 > Grand Rapids, MN 55744 > (218)-327-4115 > <100_1545A.JPG><100_1547A.JPG> -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091124/3e7608f1/attachment-0001.html -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: oak_cookie.jpg Type: image/jpeg Size: 150469 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091124/3e7608f1/attachment-0002.jpg -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: br_oak_drought.jpg Type: image/jpeg Size: 322004 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091124/3e7608f1/attachment-0003.jpg From ktsmith at fs.fed.us Tue Nov 24 15:34:17 2009 From: ktsmith at fs.fed.us (Kevin Smith) Date: Tue, 24 Nov 2009 09:34:17 -0500 Subject: [IUFRO RG 7.02 FORPATH] Enclosed phloem In-Reply-To: Message-ID: Thanks Paul for the note to the forum. I'm replying to all with some trepidation, if we need to confer further on this, just email me. The apparent islands of enclosed phloem seen in transverse section can occur with injury from low-intensity fire as well as from other forms of mechanical injury. The trick is to kill enough of the vascular cambium locally while allowing enough living tissue to de-differentiate and to then reorganize to form a new vascular cambium to close the killed area and isolate the phloem that is now embedded. I can't say that it happens often, but sure, the bugs aren't the only source of wounds that produce that effect. Kevin. Kevin T. Smith, Ph.D. Plant Physiologist and Project Leader, Research Work Unit NRS-10 USDA Forest Service 271 Mast Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA Voice: 603.868.7624 Fax: 603.868.7604 Cell: 207.351.5671 Email: ktsmith at fs.fed.us Paul Zambino Sent by: rg70200-forpath-bounces at lists.iufro.org 11/24/2009 09:09 AM To , , Mike.Albers at dnr.state.mn.us cc Subject Re: [IUFRO RG 7.02 FORPATH] [IUFRO RG 7.03 FORENT] Fwd: Dark rings in red oak logs PLUS other oak dendrochronology question: enclosed phloem Hi Mike, and others who have responded, Kevin Smith's review "An organismal view of dendrochronology" in Dendrochronologia mentions examples of white rings that develop in poplar and birch in response to insect defoliation or crown loss in winter storms. I am not sure what would cause dark rings in oak, but agree that it is something that is activating a compartmentalization response and/or creating a barrier zone. Because these occurrences are a complete, single growth ring that encompasses the whole tree, I suspect an environmental factor. Mike, you might check for a correlation between the year of the ring and winter injury, late or early frost, an extreme winter or summer temperature event, or maybe even flooding or insect defoliation. In response to Ed Barnard, I don't think these rings indicate oak wilt, as infections in white oaks that survive the first year generally show up as incomplete and spotty dark rings, with additional partial dark rings in the same affected areas the following year in surviving white oaks. Among oaks, red oaks die very quickly of oak wilt, so you wouldn't see this long term survival. On a different dendrochronology note: If anyone is familiar with "islands" of enclosed phloem in red or live oaks that apparently generate a new layer of xylem-generating cambium after cambium injury please let me know. I have found this response in several oak species after attack by the cambium-feeding gold-spotted oak borer (GSOB), Agrilus coxalis, which is now a problem pest in Southern California. I am developing methods of back-dating such enclosed phloem to reconstruct the history of the pest's residence and spread within and among stands, and determine onset of tree mortality after attacks. So I need to know other factors -- biotic or environmental -- that may generate similar new layers of xylem external to patches of enclosed phloem. I have enclosed pictures of the enclosed phloem and response wood that develops after GSOB attack if inner phloem has not been killed by very heavy attacks and/or pathogens associated with this decline. Thanks! Paul Zambino ><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>< Paul Zambino, Ph.D. Plant Pathologist, Forest Health Protection Southern California Shared Service Area San Bernardino NF - SO 602 S. Tippecanoe San Bernardino, CA 92408-3430 Ph: (909)382-2727 FAX: (909)383-5586 Cell: (909)215-0394 Email: pzambino at fs.fed.us ><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>< "Barnard, Ed" Sent by: rg70300-forent-bounces at lists.iufro.org 11/21/2009 11:09 AM Please respond to "IUFRO RG 7.03.00" To "IUFRO RG 7.03.00" cc Subject Re: [IUFRO RG 7.03 FORENT] Fwd: Dark rings in red oak logs Folks (and particularly Mike Albers), Very interesting! I really have no idea, being for the most part a Pathologist in Florida dealing primarily with pines. As a pathologist, a thought comes to mind, but you should try to verify even the possibility of this with someone who deals with oak wilt (caused by Ceratocystis fagacearum). You are (as I understand it) in an area where this disease occurs, and red oaks are susceptible hosts, often displaying vascular staining or streaking. Most of the time infected red oaks die, but I do know that if infections of some vascular wilts are not lethal, recovery can occur, sometimes ?compartmentalizing? the pathogen in interior vascular tissues ? together with its associated vascular staining. Any chance that these trees might be oak wilt survivors? This could possibly be evaluated in a laboratory. Ed From: rg70300-forent-bounces at lists.iufro.org [mailto:rg70300-forent-bounces at lists.iufro.org] On Behalf Of Mike Albers Sent: Thursday, November 19, 2009 11:44 AM To: rg70300-forent at lists.iufro.org Subject: [IUFRO RG 7.03 FORENT] Fwd: Dark rings in red oak logs Any idea what would cause dark rings in red oak logs as in the attached pictures? The dark rings run the length of the logs. So far this has been seen on a number of sites in 3 or 4 counties in Minnesota. Not all red oak trees on a site have the dark rings. My first guess is that it is a barrier zone resulting from a wound or injury of some type. However it seems strange that it forms a complete cylinder that reaches the ends of the logs. I didn't see any logs where the dark ring only went part way around a log. Also there were some logs that had obvious injuries with decay and discoloration but these logs did not form rings or even have distinct barrier zones going even part way around the log. I've only looked at logs like this while in the mill, not on the site where they were harvested. At first, the thought was that these rings were the result of something happening 16 to 17 years ago. This will take more investigation, but it looks to me like the time period varies anywhere from 6 to 35 years. Also at this time I can't say if the time period varies ibetween sites, or if the time period varies from log to log on the same site. Any suggestions would be appreciated. Mike Albers Forest Health Specialist MN DNR-Forestry 1201 E. Hwy. # 2 Grand Rapids, MN 55744 (218)-327-4115_______________________________________________ IUFRO Mailing List To post a message to all list members, send email to: rg70300-forent at lists.iufro.org List info and Archive: http://www.iufro.org/science/iufro-mailing-lists/overview/ [attachment "IMG_1261 Q Agrif GSOB attacks sm.JPG" deleted by Kevin Smith/NRS/USDAFS] [attachment "IMG_1291 Q Agrif Possible GSOB layers sm.JPG" deleted by Kevin Smith/NRS/USDAFS] [attachment "IMG_0386 Q agrif GSOB response crpsm.JPG" deleted by Kevin Smith/NRS/USDAFS] [attachment "IMG_0244crp1sm.JPG" deleted by Kevin Smith/NRS/USDAFS] _______________________________________________ IUFRO Mailing List To post a message to all list members, send email to: rg70200-forpath at lists.iufro.org List info and Archive: http://www.iufro.org/science/iufro-mailing-lists/overview/ -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091124/d6254667/attachment-0001.html -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: not available Type: image/jpeg Size: 33882 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091124/d6254667/attachment-0001.jpe From Fred at acf.org Tue Nov 24 19:45:18 2009 From: Fred at acf.org (Fred Hebard) Date: Tue, 24 Nov 2009 13:45:18 -0500 Subject: [IUFRO RG 7.02 FORPATH] [IUFRO RG 7.03 FORENT] Fwd: Dark rings in red oak logs PLUS other oak dendrochronology question: enclosed phloem In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <473748A1-1B31-49FF-B0DD-A6A3FBDD728F@acf.org> Hi Paul, I've seen a similar phenomenon in smooth-barked (young) Japanese chestnut trees inoculated with Cryphonectria parasitica using a cork borer wound extending to the vascular cambium. The infection runs along the vascular cambium, destroying it, but does not extend up to the outer periderm. True callus forms in the secondary phloem (a component of bark), grows outward from the infected area and lignifies. A new vascular cambium differentiates and hooks up with the original vascular cambium where that has not been infected. Meanwhile, the phellogen in the outer periderm continues to be active, and it expands in response to the growing callus, so the phelloderm is not disfigured. The net result is an inclusion of infected xylem and phloem (bark) tissues. This also occurs in scarlet oak (Q. coccinea) in response to C. parasitica, resulting in the swollen butt syndrome described by Nash and Stambaugh. That syndrome would be the example you are requesting in oak. I've attached some pictures, with some annotation below each picture. The annotation below the last picture turns into a more general discussion. If needed, I can annotate the tissues in the photos, but hope not to in the interest of time. What you can see here are fairly clear examples of the developmental anatomy of the phenomenon. Fred Frederick V. Hebard, PhD Staff Pathologist, Meadowview Research Farms American Chestnut Foundation 14005 Glenbrook Ave. Meadowview, VA 24361 Email: Fred at acf.org Web: http://www.acffarms.org Phone: (276) 944-4631 Fax: (276) 944-0934 On Nov 23, 2009, at 3:43 PM, Paul Zambino wrote: > > Hi Mike, and others who have responded, > Kevin Smith's review "An organismal view of dendrochronology" in > Dendrochronologia mentions examples of white rings that develop in > poplar and birch in response to insect defoliation or crown loss in > winter storms. > > I am not sure what would cause dark rings in oak, but agree that it > is something that is activating a compartmentalization response and/ > or creating a barrier zone. Because these occurrences are a > complete, single growth ring that encompasses the whole tree, I > suspect an environmental factor. > > Mike, you might check for a correlation between the year of the > ring and winter injury, late or early frost, an extreme winter or > summer temperature event, or maybe even flooding or insect > defoliation. > > In response to Ed Barnard, I don't think these rings indicate oak > wilt, as infections in white oaks that survive the first year > generally show up as incomplete and spotty dark rings, with > additional partial dark rings in the same affected areas the > following year in surviving white oaks. Among oaks, red oaks die > very quickly of oak wilt, so you wouldn't see this long term survival. > > On a different dendrochronology note: > > If anyone is familiar with "islands" of enclosed phloem in red or > live oaks that apparently generate a new layer of xylem-generating > cambium after cambium injury please let me know. I have found this > response in several oak species after attack by the cambium-feeding > gold-spotted oak borer (GSOB), Agrilus coxalis, which is now a > problem pest in Southern California. > > I am developing methods of back-dating such enclosed phloem to > reconstruct the history of the pest's residence and spread within > and among stands, and determine onset of tree mortality after > attacks. So I need to know other factors -- biotic or environmental > -- that may generate similar new layers of xylem external to > patches of enclosed phloem. I have enclosed pictures of the > enclosed phloem and response wood that develops after GSOB attack > if inner phloem has not been killed by very heavy attacks and/or > pathogens associated with this decline. > > > > > > > > Thanks! > > Paul Zambino > > > > ><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>< > Paul Zambino, Ph.D. > Plant Pathologist, Forest Health Protection > Southern California Shared Service Area > San Bernardino NF - SO > 602 S. Tippecanoe > San Bernardino, CA 92408-3430 > Ph: (909)382-2727 FAX: (909)383-5586 > Cell: (909)215-0394 > Email: pzambino at fs.fed.us > ><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>< > > > "Barnard, Ed" > Sent by: rg70300-forent-bounces at lists.iufro.org > 11/21/2009 11:09 AM > Please respond to > "IUFRO RG 7.03.00" > > To > "IUFRO RG 7.03.00" > cc > Subject > Re: [IUFRO RG 7.03 FORENT] Fwd: Dark rings in red oak logs > > > > > > Folks (and particularly Mike Albers), > > Very interesting! I really have no idea, being for the > most part a Pathologist in Florida dealing primarily with pines. > As a pathologist, a thought comes to mind, but you should try to > verify even the possibility of this with someone who deals with oak > wilt (caused by Ceratocystis fagacearum). You are (as I understand > it) in an area where this disease occurs, and red oaks are > susceptible hosts, often displaying vascular staining or > streaking. Most of the time infected red oaks die, but I do know > that if infections of some vascular wilts are not lethal, recovery > can occur, sometimes ?compartmentalizing? the pathogen in interior > vascular tissues ? together with its associated vascular staining. > Any chance that these trees might be oak wilt survivors? This > could possibly be evaluated in a laboratory. > > > Ed > > > > > > > From: rg70300-forent-bounces at lists.iufro.org [mailto:rg70300-forent- > bounces at lists.iufro.org] On Behalf Of Mike Albers > Sent: Thursday, November 19, 2009 11:44 AM > To: rg70300-forent at lists.iufro.org > Subject: [IUFRO RG 7.03 FORENT] Fwd: Dark rings in red oak logs > > Any idea what would cause dark rings in red oak logs as in the > attached pictures? > > The dark rings run the length of the logs. So far this has been > seen on a number of sites in 3 or 4 counties in Minnesota. Not all > red oak trees on a site have the dark rings. > > My first guess is that it is a barrier zone resulting from a wound > or injury of some type. However it seems strange that it forms a > complete cylinder that reaches the ends of the logs. I didn't see > any logs where the dark ring only went part way around a log. Also > there were some logs that had obvious injuries with decay and > discoloration but these logs did not form rings or even have > distinct barrier zones going even part way around the log. > > I've only looked at logs like this while in the mill, not on the > site where they were harvested. At first, the thought was that > these rings were the result of something happening 16 to 17 years > ago. This will take more investigation, but it looks to me like > the time period varies anywhere from 6 to 35 years. Also at this > time I can't say if the time period varies ibetween sites, or if > the time period varies from log to log on the same site. > > Any suggestions would be appreciated. > > > > Mike Albers > Forest Health Specialist > MN DNR-Forestry > 1201 E. Hwy. # 2 > Grand Rapids, MN 55744 > (218)-327-4115_______________________________________________ > IUFRO Mailing List > To post a message to all list members, send email to: rg70300- > forent at lists.iufro.org > List info and Archive: http://www.iufro.org/science/iufro-mailing- > lists/overview/ > sm.JPG> agrif GSOB response > crpsm.JPG>________________________________________ > _______ > > IUFRO Mailing List > To post a message to all list members, send email to: rg70200- > forpath at lists.iufro.org > List info and Archive: http://www.iufro.org/science/iufro-mailing- > lists/overview/ -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: Clemson F2s 1990 Jap 2-3_93_1.jpg Type: image/jpeg Size: 409972 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091124/d28188c3/attachment-0004.jpg -------------- next part -------------- Clemson F2s 1990 Jap 2-3:93 The inoculation point is at 3 o'clock. Multiple islands of true callus formed around here and merged. Sometimes only one island forms. The new vascular cambium is visible at 5 and 6 o'clock and merged with the old at 7:30 o'clock. At 7 o'clock the infection has extended outward from the original vascular cambuim to infect the new. -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: Clemson F2s 1990 Jap out 2-3:93_1.jpg Type: image/jpeg Size: 195387 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091124/d28188c3/attachment-0005.jpg -------------- next part -------------- Clemson F2s 1990 Jap outside 2-3:93 Intact outer periderm at point of inoculation. Round inoculation hole now only a slit, almost completely occluded by expansion of true callus and outlying bark tissues. -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: Clemson F2s 1990 Jap cut 2-3:93_1.jpg Type: image/jpeg Size: 176831 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091124/d28188c3/attachment-0006.jpg -------------- next part -------------- Clemson F2s 1990 Jap cut 2-3:93 Tangential section through phloem and lignified true callus. -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: Clmsn F2s 1990 Jap x-sect 2-3_9_1_2.jpg Type: image/jpeg Size: 1543369 bytes Desc: not available Url : http://lists.iufro.org/pipermail/rg70200-forpath/attachments/20091124/d28188c3/attachment-0007.jpg -------------- next part -------------- Clemson F2s 1990 Jap x-sect 2-3:9 The inoculation point is at 3 o'clock. The new cambium did not hook up with the old one here because the fungus invaded out from the cambium to the outer periderm at 7 and 11 o'clock. This is similar to how the dutch elm disease fungus colonizes out into the phloem from xylem, as described by B_____ (Clyde Brashier?) in Canada in the 70s. That invasion by the dutch elm disease fungus is also similar to how Verticillium albo-atrum colonizes out from the xylem of alfalfa. Both wilt fungi entering into a perthophytic phase subsequent to a more-or-less biotrophic phase in the xylem. From ybalci at umd.edu Wed Nov 25 17:00:19 2009 From: ybalci at umd.edu (Yilmaz Balci) Date: Wed, 25 Nov 2009 11:00:19 -0500 Subject: [IUFRO RG 7.02 FORPATH] [IUFRO RG 7.03 FORENT] Fwd: Dark rings in red oak logs PLUS other oak dendrochronology question: enclosed phloem In-Reply-To: <473748A1-1B31-49FF-B0DD-A6A3FBDD728F@acf.org> Message-ID: Hi Colleagues, This is from my view, caused due to frost damage. You can find this on oaks and other plants like Euonymus, Ilex, Douglas-fir ... The injured xylem temporarily conducts enough water to allow functions, which also allows formation of new sapwood outside the damaged tissue. All this particularly when the frost is not severe enough to kill, phloem, cambium or sapwood. Check the book of Sinclair and Lyon: Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. There are some images under frost and freeze damage that resemble what you have on oaks. I do not think there is any biotic organism on oaks that can do this. Cheers, Yilmaz Yilmaz Balci, Ph.D. Assistant Professor University of Maryland Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture 2114 Plant Science Building College Park, MD, 20742-4452 Phone (office-2114): 301_405 9744 Phone (lab-2180): 301_405 0314 Fax: 301_314 9308 http://www.psla.umd.edu On 11/24/09 1:45 PM, "Fred Hebard" wrote: > Hi Paul, > > I've seen a similar phenomenon in smooth-barked (young) Japanese > chestnut trees inoculated with Cryphonectria parasitica using a cork > borer wound extending to the vascular cambium. The infection runs > along the vascular cambium, destroying it, but does not extend up to > the outer periderm. True callus forms in the secondary phloem (a > component of bark), grows outward from the infected area and > lignifies. A new vascular cambium differentiates and hooks up with > the original vascular cambium where that has not been infected. > Meanwhile, the phellogen in the outer periderm continues to be > active, and it expands in response to the growing callus, so the > phelloderm is not disfigured. The net result is an inclusion of > infected xylem and phloem (bark) tissues. > > This also occurs in scarlet oak (Q. coccinea) in response to C. > parasitica, resulting in the swollen butt syndrome described by Nash > and Stambaugh. That syndrome would be the example you are requesting > in oak. > > I've attached some pictures, with some annotation below each > picture. The annotation below the last picture turns into a more > general discussion. If needed, I can annotate the tissues in the > photos, but hope not to in the interest of time. What you can see > here are fairly clear examples of the developmental anatomy of the > phenomenon. > > Fred > > Frederick V. Hebard, PhD > Staff Pathologist, Meadowview Research Farms > American Chestnut Foundation > 14005 Glenbrook Ave. > Meadowview, VA 24361 > > Email: Fred at acf.org > Web: http://www.acffarms.org > Phone: (276) 944-4631 > Fax: (276) 944-0934 > > > On Nov 23, 2009, at 3:43 PM, Paul Zambino wrote: > >> >> Hi Mike, and others who have responded, >> Kevin Smith's review "An organismal view of dendrochronology" in >> Dendrochronologia mentions examples of white rings that develop in >> poplar and birch in response to insect defoliation or crown loss in >> winter storms. >> >> I am not sure what would cause dark rings in oak, but agree that it >> is something that is activating a compartmentalization response and/ >> or creating a barrier zone. Because these occurrences are a >> complete, single growth ring that encompasses the whole tree, I >> suspect an environmental factor. >> >> Mike, you might check for a correlation between the year of the >> ring and winter injury, late or early frost, an extreme winter or >> summer temperature event, or maybe even flooding or insect >> defoliation. >> >> In response to Ed Barnard, I don't think these rings indicate oak >> wilt, as infections in white oaks that survive the first year >> generally show up as incomplete and spotty dark rings, with >> additional partial dark rings in the same affected areas the >> following year in surviving white oaks. Among oaks, red oaks die >> very quickly of oak wilt, so you wouldn't see this long term survival. >> >> On a different dendrochronology note: >> >> If anyone is familiar with "islands" of enclosed phloem in red or >> live oaks that apparently generate a new layer of xylem-generating >> cambium after cambium injury please let me know. I have found this >> response in several oak species after attack by the cambium-feeding >> gold-spotted oak borer (GSOB), Agrilus coxalis, which is now a >> problem pest in Southern California. >> >> I am developing methods of back-dating such enclosed phloem to >> reconstruct the history of the pest's residence and spread within >> and among stands, and determine onset of tree mortality after >> attacks. So I need to know other factors -- biotic or environmental >> -- that may generate similar new layers of xylem external to >> patches of enclosed phloem. I have enclosed pictures of the >> enclosed phloem and response wood that develops after GSOB attack >> if inner phloem has not been killed by very heavy attacks and/or >> pathogens associated with this decline. >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> Thanks! >> >> Paul Zambino >> >> >> >>> <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>< >> Paul Zambino, Ph.D. >> Plant Pathologist, Forest Health Protection >> Southern California Shared Service Area >> San Bernardino NF - SO >> 602 S. Tippecanoe >> San Bernardino, CA 92408-3430 >> Ph: (909)382-2727 FAX: (909)383-5586 >> Cell: (909)215-0394 >> Email: pzambino at fs.fed.us >>> <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>< >> >> >> "Barnard, Ed" >> Sent by: rg70300-forent-bounces at lists.iufro.org >> 11/21/2009 11:09 AM >> Please respond to >> "IUFRO RG 7.03.00" >> >> To >> "IUFRO RG 7.03.00" >> cc >> Subject >> Re: [IUFRO RG 7.03 FORENT] Fwd: Dark rings in red oak logs >> >> >> >> >> >> Folks (and particularly Mike Albers), >> >> Very interesting! I really have no idea, being for the >> most part a Pathologist in Florida dealing primarily with pines. >> As a pathologist, a thought comes to mind, but you should try to >> verify even the possibility of this with someone who deals with oak >> wilt (caused by Ceratocystis fagacearum). You are (as I understand >> it) in an area where this disease occurs, and red oaks are >> susceptible hosts, often displaying vascular staining or >> streaking. Most of the time infected red oaks die, but I do know >> that if infections of some vascular wilts are not lethal, recovery >> can occur, sometimes ?compartmentalizing? the pathogen in interior >> vascular tissues ? together with its associated vascular staining. >> Any chance that these trees might be oak wilt survivors? This >> could possibly be evaluated in a laboratory. >> >> >> Ed >> >> >> >> >> >> >> From: rg70300-forent-bounces at lists.iufro.org [mailto:rg70300-forent- >> bounces at lists.iufro.org] On Behalf Of Mike Albers >> Sent: Thursday, November 19, 2009 11:44 AM >> To: rg70300-forent at lists.iufro.org >> Subject: [IUFRO RG 7.03 FORENT] Fwd: Dark rings in red oak logs >> >> Any idea what would cause dark rings in red oak logs as in the >> attached pictures? >> >> The dark rings run the length of the logs. So far this has been >> seen on a number of sites in 3 or 4 counties in Minnesota. Not all >> red oak trees on a site have the dark rings. >> >> My first guess is that it is a barrier zone resulting from a wound >> or injury of some type. However it seems strange that it forms a >> complete cylinder that reaches the ends of the logs. I didn't see >> any logs where the dark ring only went part way around a log. Also >> there were some logs that had obvious injuries with decay and >> discoloration but these logs did not form rings or even have >> distinct barrier zones going even part way around the log. >> >> I've only looked at logs like this while in the mill, not on the >> site where they were harvested. At first, the thought was that >> these rings were the result of something happening 16 to 17 years >> ago. This will take more investigation, but it looks to me like >> the time period varies anywhere from 6 to 35 years. Also at this >> time I can't say if the time period varies ibetween sites, or if >> the time period varies from log to log on the same site. >> >> Any suggestions would be appreciated. >> >> >> >> Mike Albers >> Forest Health Specialist >> MN DNR-Forestry >> 1201 E. Hwy. # 2 >> Grand Rapids, MN 55744 >> (218)-327-4115_______________________________________________ >> IUFRO Mailing List >> To post a message to all list members, send email to: rg70300- >> forent at lists.iufro.org >> List info and Archive: http://www.iufro.org/science/iufro-mailing- >> lists/overview/ >> > sm.JPG>> agrif GSOB response >> crpsm.JPG>________________________________________ >> _______ >> >> IUFRO Mailing List >> To post a message to all list members, send email to: rg70200- >> forpath at lists.iufro.org >> List info and Archive: http://www.iufro.org/science/iufro-mailing- >> lists/overview/ > > > > > Clemson F2s 1990 Jap 2-3:93 > The inoculation point is at 3 o'clock. Multiple islands of true > callus formed around here and merged. Sometimes only one island > forms. The new vascular cambium is visible at 5 and 6 o'clock and > merged with the old at 7:30 o'clock. At 7 o'clock the infection has > extended outward from the original vascular cambuim to infect the new. > > > > > > Clemson F2s 1990 Jap outside 2-3:93 > Intact outer periderm at point of inoculation. Round inoculation > hole now only a slit, almost completely occluded by expansion of true > callus and outlying bark tissues. > > > > > > Clemson F2s 1990 Jap cut 2-3:93 > Tangential section through phloem and lignified true callus. > > > > > > Clemson F2s 1990 Jap x-sect 2-3:9 > The inoculation point is at 3 o'clock. The new cambium did not hook > up with the old one here because the fungus invaded out from the > cambium to the outer periderm at 7 and 11 o'clock. This is similar > to how the dutch elm disease fungus colonizes out into the phloem > from xylem, as described by B_____ (Clyde Brashier?) in Canada in the > 70s. That invasion by the dutch elm disease fungus is also similar > to how Verticillium albo-atrum colonizes out from the xylem of > alfalfa. Both wilt fungi entering into a perthophytic phase > subsequent to a more-or-less biotrophic phase in the xylem. > > > _______________________________________________ > IUFRO Mailing List > To post a message to all list members, send email to: > rg70200-forpath at lists.iufro.org > List info and Archive: > http://www.iufro.org/science/iufro-mailing-lists/overview/